Diamagnetism is a fascinating phenomenon that occurs in all materials. When a material is placed in a magnetic field, the motion of electrons generates a magnetic field in the opposite direction to the external field, which results in a weak repulsion of the material.

Diamagnetic materials have unique properties, such as weakness, temperature dependence, non-magnetism, and the Meissner effect, which make them distinct from other materials. Diamagnetism has many practical applications, such as in magnetic levitation, MRI, superconductivity, electromagnetic brakes, and materials science. Understanding the principles of diamagnetism is essential for the development of new technologies and the advancement of scientific research.

Introduction to Diamagnetism:

Diamagnetism is a phenomenon that occurs in all materials, where it results from the motion of electrons within the material. When a material is placed in a magnetic field, the electrons in the atoms of the material are affected by the field, and they start to move in a specific direction. This movement of electrons generates a magnetic field in the opposite direction to that of the external magnetic field. As a result, the material is slightly repelled by the external field. This phenomenon is known as diamagnetism.

Theory of Diamagnetism:

The motion of electrons generates a magnetic field in the opposite direction to the external magnetic field. This magnetic field generated by the electrons is known as the diamagnetic moment. The diamagnetic moment is very weak and is in the opposite direction to the applied magnetic field. As a result, the material is slightly repelled by the external field.

Properties of Diamagnetic Materials:

Diamagnetic materials will be materials that are not drawn to a magnet. They are marginally repulsed by the magnet. Diamagnetic materials have some unique properties that make them distinct from other materials. Some of the properties of diamagnetic materials are

1. Weakness: Diamagnetic materials have a weak magnetic moment. The magnetic moment of a diamagnetic material is in the opposite direction to the applied magnetic field. As a result, the material is slightly repelled by the magnetic field.
2. Temperature Dependence: The magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic materials decreases with an increase in temperature. This is because the thermal energy supplied to the material causes the electrons to move faster, which reduces the effect of the magnetic field on the electrons.
3. Non-Magnetic: Diamagnetic materials are non-magnetic. They do not have any magnetic properties and cannot be magnetized.

Application of Diamagnetism:

Diamagnetism has many practical applications. Some of the applications of diamagnetism are:

1. Magnetic Levitation: Diamagnetic materials can be used to levitate objects. At the point when diamagnetic material is set in a magnetic field, it is repulsed by the field. This repulsion can be used to levitate objects above the material.
2. MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique that uses diamagnetic materials. The human body contains a lot of water, which is diamagnetic. When a person is placed in a magnetic field, the water in the body is slightly repelled by the field. This repulsion can be detected and used to create images of the body.
3. Superconductivity: Diamagnetic materials can exhibit superconductivity. Superconductors are materials that can direct electricity with no obstruction under a specific temperature. Superconducting diamagnetic materials are used in a variety of applications, including in the production of powerful electromagnets for use in MRI machines and particle accelerators.
4. Electromagnetic Brakes: Diamagnetic materials are used in electromagnetic brakes. When an electric current is passed through a coil, it creates a magnetic field. This magnetic field interacts with the diamagnetic material to create a force that can be used to slow down or stop a moving object.

Comparison with Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic Materials

Paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials have a positive magnetic susceptibility and are attracted to magnetic fields. Unlike diamagnetic materials, they have unpaired electrons that result in a permanent magnetic moment.

Paramagnetic materials have a weaker magnetic moment than ferromagnetic materials and lose their magnetism when the external magnetic field is removed. Ferromagnetic materials have a strong magnetic moment and can retain their magnetism after the external field is removed.

Classification of Magnetic Materials

Magnetic materials can be classified into three main categories based on their magnetic properties: diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic.

1. Diamagnetic Materials: Diamagnetic materials will be materials that are repulsed by a magnetic field. When placed in a magnetic field, the motion of electrons generates a magnetic field in the opposite direction to the external field, which results in a weak repulsion of the material. Diamagnetic materials have no permanent magnetic moment and are not attracted to a magnet.

Examples of diamagnetic materials include copper, silver, gold, water, graphite, and bismuth.

1. Paramagnetic Materials: Paramagnetic materials are attracted to a magnetic field. When placed in a magnetic field, the motion of unpaired electrons generates a magnetic moment in the same direction as the external field, resulting in a weak attraction of the material. Paramagnetic materials have a little sure magnetic defenselessness.

Examples of paramagnetic materials include aluminum, platinum, and oxygen.

1. Ferromagnetic Materials: Ferromagnetic materials have a strong attraction to a magnetic field. They have a large positive magnetic susceptibility and can retain a magnetic field even after the external field is removed. Ferromagnetic materials have spontaneous magnetization, meaning that they have a permanent magnetic moment without the need for an external magnetic field. Ferromagnetic materials can be further classified into two subcategories:

• Soft Magnetic Materials: Soft magnetic materials have low coercivity, meaning that they can be easily magnetized and demagnetized. They are used in applications such as transformers, motors, and generators.
• Hard Magnetic Materials: Hard magnetic materials have a high coercivity, meaning that they require a strong magnetic field to be magnetized and demagnetized. They are used in applications such as data storage, magnetic sensors, and magnetic bearings.

Examples of ferromagnetic materials include iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloys.

Causes of Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism is caused by the motion of electrons in the material, as well as the presence of paired electrons. Lenz’s law and Faraday’s law describe the motion of electrons in a magnetic field, generating a magnetic field that opposes the external field.

The paired electrons in diamagnetic materials result in a cancellation of magnetic moments, leading to zero net magnetic moments.

Measurement of Magnetic Susceptibility

Magnetic weakness is a proportion of the reaction of a material to an outer magnetic field. The magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic materials is small and can be measured using various experimental methods, including the Gouy balance method and the Faraday method. These methods involve the measurement of the force or torque exerted on the material by the magnetic field.

Magnetic Susceptibilities of Diamagnetic Materials at

Diamagnetic materials are materials that are repelled by a magnetic field. When placed in a magnetic field, the motion of electrons generates a magnetic field in the opposite direction to the external field, which results in a weak repulsion of the material.

Diamagnetic materials have no permanent magnetic moment and are not attracted to a magnet. The magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic materials is negative and very small.

At , the magnetic susceptibilities of some common diamagnetic materials are:

• Copper:
• Silver:
• Gold:
• Water:
• Graphite:
• Bismuth:

It is important to note that the magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic materials is much smaller than that of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials. Paramagnetic materials have a positive magnetic susceptibility, while ferromagnetic materials have a much larger positive magnetic susceptibility.

However, the magnetic susceptibilities of diamagnetic materials at are negative and very small. Diamagnetic materials are repelled by a magnetic field and have no permanent magnetic moment. While they have weak magnetic properties and are not useful for magnetic applications, they have some unique properties that make them useful for other applications.

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